Marios Game and Video Masters Rentals Essay Example for Free

Marios mealy and Video Masters Rentals EssayThis project provide aim to solve the information give modalityling problems of Marios Game and Video Masters Rentals.Marios Game and Video Masters Rentals is a haveal store that rents videos, games, and now DVDs ( bran-newly added) and is run by a man named Mario Anderson.To provide these services information is collected and stored just ab turn out the periods, and the members. Information about each member is written on a card, which is thusly put in to a card index box, which is sorted out by the member surname, then forename, then member number. Information about the pointednesss is put onto a card, which is then put in its case. After each day, a shop assistant writes loans list of all the levels that have been rented out, along with the member number and video number, and name.What happens in Normal circumstances?When a member wants to rent out a copy, the customer must sign it from an empty case from the shelf with t he item card inside it. When he/she hands it into the counter, the shop assistant takes the card out and looks at the video number, and then takes the member number from the customer.If the member has lost their membership card, then they must pay a tap of 2.00, and will receive a new card. The persons old card for the store is destroyed, and the new one is put in the box .The shop assistant then asks the customer how many days he or she will want to rent it for, and writes it on the item card. The shop assistant then hands the item over to the customer. When an item is returned, the shop assistant goes tush to the loan list from the date of rental. He or she then crosses it off. Then, he or she puts the case back onto the shelf and the item behind the counter.At the end of everyday, the loan lists are searched to find out if there are any overdue items. Then, by hand they must write a letter to the corresponding people.What happens in Special circumstances?When a new member joins , he must pay a joining fee of 5.00. Their details are stored on the card and move in the index box in order. The shop assistant then gives the new member a membership card.When a member leaves, hand in their membership card, and their card in the index box is taken out and destroyed.When an item is bought, an item details card is filled out and put in the case. The actual item is put behind the counter, and the case with the card inside is placed on the shelf.When an item is sold because it is not popular anymore, the video card is taken out and destroyed.What Problems do the current establishment of rules cause?The current system causes the following problemsMembers lose their membership cards. They must pay 2.00 for a new one.Sometimes the cards go missing, so then new ones must be written out, and that is quite time-consuming.Sometimes, when different shop assistants write out the video card, other assistants may not be fit to read the others handwriting, which leads to huge misunderstanding e.g. a 4 written could look like a 9.A members card or an item card could be misplaced and could take a muss of time to findIt is very time consuming when a shop assistant must look finished the loan lists and write the admonisher letters.When customers ask the staff whether a particular title is available, the staff will not be able to know it unless they have a particularly well-behaved memory.How could Mr Anderson solve the information-handling problems?Mr Anderson could solve their information handling problems by using a filing cabinet to store their information about members and items using detail cards. The reward of this system is that much more information hindquarters be stored using this system. But the disadvantages are that these could be misplaced, lost or damaged, just like the existing system. Unauthorised people can take some books. It would also be quite time consuming.Another way of solving the problems would be to use a computer to store information about members, rentals, and items.The advantages of this system are that it can store a lot of data in a small space, searches through it very quickly. But computers can be quite expensive.There are two ways a computer can be used. You could write a program to solve all the information-handling problems, but I do not know how to write programs on the computer and it is very expensive to pay a programmer and it would be time-consuming. Or, you could use an coat package such as a database. This database could store and process all the information about members, items, and rentalsWhat is the best way out of the solutions?The best way to solve the information handling problems of Mr Anderson will be to set up a new system using a computer. I have decided to use a computer because* Computers can store large amounts of data in a small space.* The information can be searched very quickly* Lists and reports about the information in a computer can be produced very quickly and e asily.* There is already a computer that can be used (Mr Anderson has two computers at home, one of which he does not use)I have decided to do this using an application package because* I do not know how to write computer programs* There is a wide variety of application packages* Application packages can be changed and customised to suit the needs of the user* Have used different application packages I the pastThe most suitable type of application package will be a database because* Database packages are specially designed to store and process information.* I have used database packages before, so I know a lot more about these as oppose to packages I have never used beforeWhat must the new system be able to do?The new system must be able to perform the following tasks* throw in member details to be looked up, edited and stored quickly, easily and accurately* Allow item details to be looked up, edited and stored quickly, easily and accurately* Allow rental details to be looked up, e dited and stored quickly, easily and accurately* Allow item details to be searched to answer customer enquiries quickly and easily* attain a report listing member and video details for overdue items.* Produce reminder letters to members with overdue items.The following criteria will be used to evaluate the success of the new system* The system must be able to store at least 10 member records* The system must be able to store at least 20 item records* The system must be able to store at least 10 rental records* It must take no longer than 30 seconds to find and demonstrate a rental, item or loan record.* It must take no longer than two minutes to answer customers enquiries by entering search criteria and determination matching item* It must take no more than one minute to find and delete a member, item or rental record* It must take no more than two minutes to find and edit a member, item or rental record* It must take no more than two minutes to create a new member, item or renta l record* On-screen data entry forms must be clearly laid out to make data entry easy* On-screen data entry forms must use automatic data validation to trend data error on input* It must take no longer than 5 minutes to search for members with overdue video and produce a summary report* Reminder letters to customers with overdue videos should be clearly laid out and include all the details of the videos that need to be returned.

Psychological Basis Of Behavior Essay Example for Free

Psychological Basis Of Behavior EssayUntil recently the begets of psychological disorders were not so clearly defined. Then advanced imaging techniques made it possible to see unhomogeneous beas of the caput and pinpoint areas that control doings. It has been long know that the brain uses chemical messengers called neurotransmitters for signaling during its various processes. Advances in neuromedicine revealed that a lot of neurological and psychological disorders claim a basis in imbalances between various neurotransmitters in the brain.Diseases desire Parkinsons, Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder are only a few where administering drugs that controlled levels of various neurotransmitters in the brain could control the illness symptoms and in some cases even provide a cure. Indeed, it was the discovery of these pharmacological agents that led to the discovery of newer agents that could control various neurological disorders by manipulating levels of neurot ransmitters. Development of various drugs for schizophrenia was done on the basis of the fact that they had the ability to block dopamine receptors.In attachment it was noticed that there was also an increased number of dopamine receptors present in these patients1. Similarly, in patients who suffered form Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) an ab averageity in the neurotransmitter serotonin was implicated and it was marchn that drug therapy that did not affect 5-HT receptors was ineffective in the treatment of OCD6. Parkinsons complaint homogeneous schizophrenia also is due to an abnormality in dopamine levels but in Parkinsons dopamine levels pay back depleted4.Parkinsons disease is a movement disorder caused by the depletion of dopamine produced in the substantia nigra, a part of the brain that is responsible for voluntary movements of the body11. Parkinsons disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects 1% of the population. Its pathophysiology involves degeneration o f substantia nigra. This portion is responsible for movements in the body. Various hypotheses have been proposed concerning the causes of the disease and include genetic factors, environmental factors and viruses.Amongst these genetic factors are con positionred the just about significant and mutations in various genes have been identified that are connected to Parkinsons disease. Genes that have been implicated are PINK-1, DJ-1, and LRRK2 and it is thought that in addition to hereditary viruses and toxins are thought to cause theses mutations4. Parkinsons disease is characterized by a fine pin-rolling tremor of the hands, rigidity, bradykinesia, an expressionless face called a mask like face and a parkinsonian gait characterized by small steps and reduced swing of the arms.Additional symptoms may be present and include roughy in chewing and swallowing, depression, fatigue, dementia, speech problems, constipation, urinary problems and orthostatic hypotension7. Symptoms vary from patient to patient and can also have drastic emotional consequences for the patient. Diagnosis is practically difficult as there are no tests procurable and is usually made on history and examination of the nervous system. Various treatment options are available and are mainly aimed at increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain.These include Levodopa, which is a precursor of dopamine and the nerve cells use synthesize dopamine. Other drugs like bromocriptine, apomorphine and pramipexole act by imitating the activity of dopamine4. There is no definitive cure for this disease and the treatment is only symptomatic. Adjuvant therapy may be given to lighten symptoms such as depression. Schizophrenia is anformer(a) disorder that is caused by an imbalance between dopamine levels. The difference is that high levels of dopamine are found and the disease has mainly psychiatrical manifestations.The cause of schizophrenia still remains unknown and this has been hampered largely by the opposite subtypes of the disease presenting a large variety of symptoms and involving different areas of the brain. It is also a feature of diseases like Alzheimers and Huntingtons disease9. Schizophrenia is characterized by auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions in which the patient thinks that his thoughts are world controlled externally and paranoid behavior believing someone is poisoning him, disorders of movement, cognitive dysfunction and emotional symptoms such as lack of interest in surroundings and affable withdrawal2.Newer research has suggested that people with schizophrenia may experience an inability to smell certain items suggesting a disorder in the orbitofrontal region of the brain and surprisingly this sensory(prenominal) deficit has also been found in patients with Parkinsons disease10. Other studies indicate that abnormalities in the amygdalia a region of the brain dealing with psychological processes may cause schizophrenia and other psychiatric disor ders8. Though the cause is still doubtful it has been seen that schizophrenia runs in families thus suggesting a genetic factor.Environmental factors and trauma during abide have also been suggested as causative factors. In the past agents used to treat schizophrenia like chlorpromazine and haloperidol blocked both D1 and D2 receptors and caused unneeded pyramidal side effects2. But the newer agents like clozapine have a high affinity for D1 receptors and thus do not cause unwanted extrapyramidal side effects. Other agents that have fewer side effects are risperidone and olanzepine and are very effective in controlling symptoms.All of these agents act by trim levels of dopamine in the brain thus enabling the control of symptoms. The genetic predisposition to schizophrenia is now widely known. Family history of mental ailments such as schizoaffective disorders, bipolar disorders and depression, are a very strong indication and predisposition to developing schizophrenia. However, c omplex researches in the pattern of schizophrenic disorders among monozygotic twins have not been able to establish the full authenticity of the claim. The scientists claim that schizophrenia has been associated with the shy gene or 5-HTT gene.Currently, having a schizophrenic geneticity is only the first link further development is dependant on other factors as well. (Schizophrenia. com, 2007)12 Many claim that there exists a link between schizophrenia and the environment. This is based on the fact that increased risk of schizophrenia within families cannot be singly attributed to the cause of it alone. The environmental factors that are thought to play an important role in causing schizophrenia include psychosocial, biological and physical factors, which are in effect from birth till maturity.It is now claimed that the interaction of the genetic and the social or environmental factors are very important in the development of disease in schizophrenic patients. (Tsuang, 2001) Many o f the environmental effects that come into play do so in preterm and in early childhood. The highest contribution seems to be the state of labor, for example, hypoxia, CNS damage RH incompatibility of the mother and child etc. Also, other prenatal factors may include maternal depression, bereavement and flood and famine. Rubella infections and infections of the CNS are also thought to play a very important role in the development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia. com, 2007)12 Obsessive-compulsive disorder is another psychiatric disorder that has at its cause an imbalance between neurotransmitters. In this case the neurotransmitter is serotonin. The areas of the brain thought to be involved in this disorder are the basal ganglia and the frontal lobe6. People with OCD have obsessional thoughts and the compulsion to carry out those thoughts repeatedly3. Patients lots have an awareness of their abnormal thought patterns and are distressed by them but are unable to control them.Common sy mptoms are patients exhibiting rituals and having unwanted thoughts and behavior patterns. Patients may have unwanted thoughts of a fear of germs or hurting someone called an obsession and compulsions are the acts of carrying out those obsessional thoughts like repeatedly dry wash and cleaning or repeatedly counting or checking things over and over again3. Sometimes it manifests in conjunction with other psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and depression. It often resolves when these disorders are treated. It has also been seen with diseases like Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons chorea6.This disorder usually starts in adolescence and the patient is usually aware that he has some psychiatric ailment. The etiology is uncertain but Obsessive-compulsive disorder also has a genetic component. Though environmental factors are also a major cause, clearance trauma has also been implicated in certain cases6. Various treatment options are available including behavioral therapy. Drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors act by delaying the uptake of serotonin into the neuron and thus prolonging its action. This controls the deficiency of serotonin thought to be involved in causing obsessional symptoms.Drugs that are being used include fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and clomipramine. Drug therapy used to treat other anxiety disorders is not effective in obsessive-compulsive disorder since it may not laughingstock the 5-HT receptors that are used by serotonin. Adams et al (2005)14 reported an up-regulation of serotonin receptors in caudate nuclei of OCD patients. Administration of SSRI drugs was tested in OCD patients. When untreated patients were compared with healthy normal individuals, it was found that cerebral 5-HT (2A) receptors binding were high in these patients.However, this difference was diminished when SSRI drug was administered to the patients. Different studies have reported that 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are most s uccessful in treatment of OCD (Mansari Blier, 2006). This suggests serotonin depletion may be a vital cause of this disease. Normally, serotonin is actively involved in moderating carry of messages from orbital frontal cortex to thalamus via caudate nucleus. Various pharmacological studies have suggested 5-HT concentration in OFC is regulated by 5HT2 like receptors.SRI drugs modify 5-HT receptors regulation of serotonin and hence mostly used in treatment of OCD (Mansari Blier, 2006)15. Delgado and Moreno (1998)16 also reported that these drugs binding potency is related to hallucinogens. Pitterger et al (2006) reported that drugs that reduce elevated glutamate levels in brain might be effective in treatment of OCD. Pitterger et al (2006)17 suggested antiglutamatergic agent riluzole (Rilutek) play vital role in reducing glutamate hyperactivity in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry. closure Overall a link has been found among various mental illnesses.This is evident by the fact that obsessive-compulsive disorder may be present in people who already have Schizophrenia or Parkinsons disease. This overlap suggests that analogous areas of the brain are involved in the etiology of these diseases and also that similar neurotransmitters may also be involved. Also interesting is the similarity in the deficiency in the sense of smell in both Parkinsons and schizophrenia. As research progresses and advanced neuroimaging techniques become available it will become possible to interlink these diseases to one another.Special areas of interest may be the basal ganglia and the amygdalia as they are seen involved in a variety of neurological disorders. Parkinsons disease is a neurological disease, having a progressive nature. There are certain leftover signs and symptoms that a Parkinson patient presents with these include tremor, rigidity, akinesia or bradykinesia. Etiologically, Parkinsons disease is found in 1% of the population above 60 years of age. The ra tio increases in people above 70 years of age. Although, also found in women, predominantly affects male gender.The role of environment in causing Parkinsonism is worthy mentioning. Carbon mono-oxide and manganese, apart from certain pesticides play the major role in causing the disease. Parkinsonism among old aged people is idiopathic, but familial heritage can be possible. A lot is not known about the role of genetics and inheritance of this disease, but occurrence in younger ages carries a higher probability of familial inheritance. It has been found that schizophrenia and Parkinson disease may share similarity by showing dysfunction of the prefrontal cortical areas of the brain.Also, both these conditions are the result or excess of deficiency of the levels of dopamine, which in turn dictates the treatment plan for such conditions. Similarly, patients suffering from Parkinsons disease may show the presence of obsessive compulsive disorders, and the severity depends upon the len gth of the disease progression. The relation between these three conditions presenting in close relation with each other move up many questions about the progress of each disease, and whether treatments of each condition contain treatments for others as well. (Maia, 2003)13

The causes effects and solutions of domestic violence

The causes effects and solutions of house servant hysteriaDomestic forcefulness happens in three different slipway in Vietnam, they ar physical, cozy and emotional. Striking information shows that about 58% of women in Vietnam have been through at least 1 kind of national violence in their lifetime (UN 2010). It is obvious that women are prone to suffer from domestic violence than men and home does non seem to be the skilful place for many women. About 97% victims of domestic violence is women (Binh 2011). Among three ways are two most common ones, namely physical and sexual violence. Domestic violence is widespread and varies greatly in different regions. 42% of women in the Southeast region have been abused by their husbands (UN 2010). In Ninh Binh, a woman used to be beaten once or twice every week (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation n.d.). Besides, the variations among regions, the situation is also dissimilar from one ethnic minority to others. The proportion of HMong women who are abused is 8%, and that of Kinh women is 36%.The problem has been worse because of peoples outdated view. Women are still in silence as they think it is a good way to maintain happiness in their family and being women, they need to be tolerant. Men, in addition, suppose that they can do anything since they are the most important people in families. Therefore, men still beat women for unreasonable causes such as lack of money for drinking, losing gamble, etc.2.2 Violence should non be used to solve family issuesMany problems arise during family life hence, people especially men, sometimes unconsciously apply violence to deal with those problems. This method is all told unnecessary. There are some explanations for this discouragement.Domestic violence has very bad effects on victims (Child Welfare information Gateway n.d.). First of all, it causes health problems or physical injuries. Victims have to put up with normal injuries like scratches and bruises. Seri ously, there are fractured bones in some cases, and victims may regularly experience headaches or stomachaches. Accordingly, women are unable to work to earn their living (Marjorie 2010). Secondly, women who are abused possibly suffer psychological problem. For example, many women become particularly angry and dismay they abuse their own children and drink alcohol to alleviate the physical and emotional pains. Some studies show that victims of domestic violence are more liable(predicate) to revile their children than those who are not abused by their partners (cited on UN 2010). When victims have no alternative, they put an end to their lives by suicide. Battered women commit suicide more very much than those who are not battered (Marjorie 2010). That is completely a tragedy.However, women are not the only ones who suffer from the consequences of domestic violence. Children in this family accidentally become victims. These children do not have chance to enjoy their childhood. Th ey have no choice nevertheless growing faster than others. While other kid are loved and taken care of by parents, those ones are responsible for doing housework, looking after younger sisters and brothers and thirsty for love. Moreover, their studying at school will also be affected. When children mustinessiness do too many works and do not have enough time to sleep, they will fall asleep in class. Therefore, they can not understand the lessons and be blamed for being lazy and even some children drop out of school (Rebecca 2011). Gary Direnfeld (n.d.) indicates that children witnessing domestic violence seem to use violence as a way to gain what they need and want. Boys tend to get things they want by this way, so they do not have chance to modify skills like discussing and making dialogue to do. On the other hand, girls accept violence, and consider it a normal phenomenon. Besides, boys tend to bully and intimidate while girls are likely to exclude somebody and blether behin d him or her. Another effect is that children become more aggressive and show violent actions (Rebecca 2011). It is because these children can not split their feelings at home. If they have chances to express, they are possibly hit, spanked and punched. Children, at that time, are like a pressure cooker waiting to let out the steam (Rebecca 2011). Last but not least, domestic violence has bad influences on kids as they grow up. It is clear that parents are the first models in a childs life. If children are open to vocal abuse such as throwing, damaging furniture, slapping, kicking and insulting words everyday, what will happen? Certainly, there will be effects in the future day life. In adult life, men witnessing domestic violence in childhood are more likely to abuse their wives than those who did not witness as children. Likewise, women who were exposed to violence in family when being small seem to be more tolerant towards violence from their counterparts.Some people still ma intain that violence helps them tackle with improper behaviors of women for example, they spend too much time glancing themselves at the mirror, do not cook the meal, take care of their families and talk back to the husbands. However, there are other ways to improve the situation instead of slapping or beating their women. Husbands can explain to the wives or give them a small gift and talk with them about happiness in their families. Moreover, domestic violence can lead to break-up in a family. According to Gender and Development Reseach Institute, 49.7% of families are broken up because of family violence (cited on Binh 2011). Also, it has no good effects on their children when they grow up.2.3 Recent solutions to domestic violenceUsing violence in families is by no means humane and tolerable so it is necessary to find the solutions as soon as possible. However, in the face of this problem, both Vietnamese government and citizens must join hands to relieve the consequences of dom estic violence in daily life.In term of the government, the very first thing they need to do is to inculcate their people. They should emphasize that domestic violence is not anyone elses problem it is social so that people realize the seriousness of this matter. They also ought to explain clearly what domestic violence is, how it influences peoples lives and family tie. In addition, schools and healthcare centers need participate in this champagne. They can organize a meeting to talk about violence hence, peoples awareness are increase at an early stage of their psychological development (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation ). In the long term, the government needs to put more efforts into eradicating poverty. It is important to teach people some kinds of jobs and lend citizens money with a low rate of interest so that they can earn their living.Moreover, it is necessary that each individual has a notion of reducing violence in their families. First, people should remai n good relationship with intimate partners. Familys atmosphere must be comfortable, happy and peaceful so that house will be the most wanted place for everyone. When there is something wrong in family, the husband or the wife must know how to wear in order to calm down the other. Silence when in need is encouraged. Another solution is that women should understand more about domestic violence to entertain themselves while it occurs. If women are abused, they should not keep silence. Authorities need to know this so that they can intervene and find the answers. Parents have to be aware that domestic violence has negative effects on their children and it is essential to respect the intimate partners.

The Social Practice Of Untouchability Sociology Essay

The Social Practice Of Untouchability Sociology EssayUntouchability is the social form of casting out a minority group by regarding them as ritu sever all(prenominal)yy polluted and segregating them from the mainstream. The excluded group could be one that did not accept the norms of the excluding group and historically included foreigners, nomadic tribes, law-breakers and criminals. This elimination was a method of punishing law-breakers and in any case encourageed against contagion from strangers. A member of the excluded group is dealn as an invulner subject. The community who argon said untouch able-bodied are from that section of society which is not just now held in the lowest esteem, but which is be spend a pennyd by the other grades as unclean. Who are found to be the sweepers, cleaner, and leather tanners are considered as unfit for human society or co-mingling. They are not permitted to take their water from the public wells.The word caste was loosely apply b y the Portuguese to denote the Indian social curriculumification as they thought that the system was intended to preserver purity of blood. The system is such a peculiar and complex thing that no satisfactory definition is possible. Hence we find no unanimity among scholars on the subject. Senart states that a caste is a compressed corporation, exclusive and in theory at any rate rigorously hereditary. It is equipped with ascertain traditional and independent organization, including a chief and a council, meet on occasion in assemblies endowed with less full authority.According to sir H. Risley, a caste may be defined as a entreaty of families or groups of families bearing a universal give ear, claiming common descent from a mythical ancestor, human or divine, professing to follow the same hereditary calling, and regarded by those who are competent to give opinion as forming a single homogeneous community .the name generally denotes or is associated with a specific occupation. A caste is almost invariably endogamous in the sense that a member of the massive circle denoted by the common name may not marry outside that circle, but in spite of appearance the circle in that location are usually a number of smaller circles each which is also endogamous. The untouchables confuse been referred to as Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes. Local names for the untouchables are in different parts of India and known by different names Bhangi, Pakhi, Chandal, etc. Mahatma Gandhi called them Harijans, which pixilateds children of God. It is electrostatic in wide use especially in Gandhis home state of Gujarat. Harijans are now Dalits, which means broken people.Historical backgroundHindu horticulture was made of quatern castes according to spirt of people. on that point are the brahmins, the highest or scholarly people, kshatriya, the caste of the ancient top executives or warriors the vaisya, the farmers and traders and the sudras, laborers. The people, who c ome under the sudras caste, are do by with disdain, but not as outcasts. today, the caste system is incur more complicated and having many subdivisions, each forming a social organization whose function is to protect caste members. In Manu Smriti there is written that the first part of a brahmans name should denote something auspicious, a Kshatriyas name should be connected with power, and that a Vaishyas name should reminds wealth. The first part of a Sudras name should express something contemptible and the second part should describe the service, because of the Sudras low origin. According to Hindu practice, only the upper berth castes are disposed right to study the Vedas. If the Sudra intentionally listens for committing to memory the Veda, then his ears should be filled with molten lead and lac if he utters the Veda, then his tongue should be cut off, if he has mastered the Veda his body should be cut to pieces says the Manu Smriti. In the epic Ramayana, after Lord Ramas return from exile, a Brahmin accuses him of causing the shoemakers last of his son by his toleration of Shambuka, a Sudra who recited the Vedas. In order to control the situation, Rama finds Shambuka and killed him. The Brahmin boy got life again. In Manu Smriti different punishments are given for the same crime, depending on the culprits caste. If this much punishments were for the Sudras, what was the treatment reserved for the untouchables who were outside the caste system, and placed counterbalance lower than the Sudras in society. In the 1500s, during the rule of the Marathas and the Peshwas untouchables were not allowed within the gates of the Poona between 3.00 pm and 9.00 am. The reason was that during this time their bodies were casting long shadows, with the reason that the shadow of an untouchable might fall on a Brahmin and pollute him. An untouchable used to carry an earthen pot around his neck so his spittle might not pollute the earth by the shadow. In Maharashtra a n untouchable wore a black thread either in his neck or on his wrist for ready identification of upper caste people, while in Gujarat a horn was being worn for identification. It must be remembered that Dalit does not mean Caste or low-Casteor poor it refers to the misfortunate state or condition to which a large group of people has been reduced by social convention and in which they are now reinforcement. aegis under constitutionIndias government and juristic system when dealing with dalits or untouchables is fraught with contradiction. This is evident in the disparities between upper and lower castes, in damage of economic and governmental power, and is a consequence of the States differential treatment of these sections. The Indian Constitution the writing of which was chaired by the most powerful dalit advocate for dalit rights, Dr. Ambedkar embodies civil and legal rights providing for non-discrimination. However, secular legal and constitutional mental synthesiss are con tradictory to the prevalent ancient Hindu law religious, social and economic practices that involve a discriminative power structure based on hereditary social status, occupation and ritual duties. Stratification of society benefits the upper classes as it secures positions of economic and social power, and allows the exploitation of the lower castes Hindu beliefs and law sanction this. It is therefore not in their interest to remove discrimination by the implementation of the constitutional principles and laws in favors of the dalits. The Indian state hasnt, to date, taken a serious antenna to the wearment of the dalit situation because it is essentially aligned with the upper castes. The provision of reservations for government seats, employment and higher education has improved the living standard of some dalits, yet most remain in poverty. Reservations provide positive discrimination ironically this also stereo typewrites dalits, resulting in their continual segregation in so ciety. The state has not successfully provided due access to education, equitable employment, ownership of land and legal protective cover to break the cycle of caste based oppression. Dalit semipolitical parties and movements for the assertion of rights and self determination behave been numerous and varied, but have been successfully quelled by the state and upper castes through the use of political power, violence, and police intimidation, all contrary to the constitution.Hindus maintain the caste system because their religion requires them to do so, and caste is a characteristic of Brahmanism, the Brahmans being at the top of the system.1 Dalits, as they bequeath be referred to here, are a sub caste of people at the bottom of the Hindu social and religious hierarchy called Varna Dharma due to polluting constitution of their occupations which includehandling dead animals, cleaning, and jobs to do with human excrement. They are forced to behave in de-humanizing ways such the eating of excrement. The interaction of the castes and1 L.G. Havanur, reluctant Classes, Judicial Meaning, Socio-legal Services and Research Centre, Bangalore, 1991, p.55jatis, or endogamous sub divisions relating to occupation, is known as the jajmani system. Hindus have relied on this system to divide proletariat, social and commensally traffic and ensure economic and social co-operation.2 On every level the dalits have been discriminated against, and subordinated into servitude.3 Ambedkar in his leadership role in the Indian constituent assembly want to erase the oppressive caste system by raising dalit awareness and empowerment through provisions in the constitution. Article 15 and 17 prohibits the practice of untouchability and discrimination based on caste.4 In hindsight, these basic aims seem too lofty to be realized, given that dalits still remain disenfranchised in sexual congress to the implementation of these articles. Forty years later, writing in 1994, Dr. B.D Shar ma describes the Indian micro-universe as separated into the first world, where people exercise their rights and have access to courts and police for protection under the law and the other world where people do not.5 The first world comprises of only 15-20% of the population and the other world makes up the majority of deprive and exploited people.6 In addition, The Civil Rights Protection Act, 1955, intended to abolish disabilities associated with backward classes including dalits. While creating an atmosphere where the in luciferities suffered by the dalits have been publicly condemned, the constitutional measures have been rendered futile as they are mostly ignored in practice.7 Dalits make up 77% of agri cultural labour which is classified as unskilled and unorganised. In the urban setting, they are labourers in construction, scavengers and sanitation workers, also falling into the unorganized category. Wages in the organized sector are regulated by the State so that they ris e with increased prices, and are adequate enough for one wage earner to sustain a family. Labourers bear the brunt of the disparity between organized and unorganized sections. Violations of minimum wage, set very low in the first place, and payment in kind are common, and go unchecked.8 Consequently, one wage cannot support a family and children and the elderly are forced to work, children dont go to school and are trapped by poverty.9 The State allows illegal labour practices because exploitation results in economic benefits for landowners and employers who are mostly upper caste, if it should interfere, more2 Sumit Ganguly Neil DeVotta eds, Understanding Contemporary India, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, London, 2003, p.233 -2343 Robert.W.Stern, Changing India, 2nd edit, Cambridge university press, Cambridge, 2003. p.60-614 Sumit Ganguly Neil DeVotta eds, Understanding Contemporary India, p.2435 Dr. B.D. Sharma, Dalits Betrayed, Har-Anand Publications, New Delhi, 1994, p.136 Ibid. 7Robert.W.Stern, Changing India, 2nd edit, p. 2428 Prem.K.Shinde ed, Dalits and Human Rights, volume 1, (Dalits and Racial Justice) Isha Books, Delhi, p.849 Dr. B.D. Sharma, Dalits Betrayed, p.47dalits may be able to enter the organised sector, and thus this exploitable labour resource would be drained. Although this massive failure of participation in the organised economy could be corrected by affirmative action policies, these have also been insufficient.Article 330 and 332 of the constitution call for affirmative action in the form of special reservations in government representation, government employment and higher education,intended to rescind the dalit position in society. Reserved seats are allocated in the Lok Sabha, and the legislative assemblies of the states, effectively giving dalits representation.The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (The Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 was designed to better punish offences such as injury or harassment directed at dal its. In addition, Article 14 of the constitution states that no citizen be denied par before the law. Ghandi believed that the superior/inferior relations between dalits and upper castes could not be remedied by the state, but needed to be addressed by the upper castes themselves who were responsible for the system.1010 Lelah Dushkin, Scheduled Caste Policy in India, p.632Untoucability, A social EvilUntouchability is basically not from India. It was practiced in parts of europium until a few centuries ago, and Japan still has a large number of Untouchables, called the Burakumin. But it is in the Indian Sub-continent that this system survives, closely bound with culture, religion, history and politics. Today over 170 million people in India are considered Untouchable, and their development has been slow despite the Legal safeguards and the Government programs. According to the Manu Smriti there are four castes in Hindu society and each caste has assigned duties, responsibilities an d privileges. The Brahmins are the learned, the Kshatriyas are the warriors, the Vaishyas are the traders, and the Sudras perform menial tasks and physical labour, and are considered as the lowest. And only uppers castes have the right to study the Vedas. The upper castes alone have the right to the thread ceremony which is performed as a rite of passage, allowing them to be termed twice-born.What is a Dharma?A study reveals that he who has the knowledge of Brahmagnan is called the Brahmana, and not by caste or not by the birth. Each one of us is an untouchable, because who among us is free from disobedience to Natures laws, from impurity of heart and mind, from fears of a thousand kinds, from selfishness and greed. Let us remove the untouchability in us. Anyone is not perfect, but through right dharma, by eliminating our differences and by strengthen our virtues, we move towards perfection. Let us develop the virtue of efficiency and skill to become Shudras the virtue of charity an d become Vaishyas the courage and become Kshatriyas the sacrifice and become Brahman, and make ourselves in the copy of the Great Purusha, the Radiant.According to the Bhagwadgeetha or The Bible or any other, written, or said, is the same, that all humans are equal. The Air we breathe, the water we drink, the Fire, the Sky, the Earth are same. These days Indian students and citizens are being attacked in some countries, and we are discussing and talking about the RACISM and craving for justice. We should condemn these at any cost, but it would be fair if we stop those things in here.What is Untouchability?Untouchability in India is a practice where a particular community considers even touching some other community person as polluting one. A person who touches the untouchables is usually made to undergo cleansing process, comparable bathing, or spraying of water, depending on the regional practice.Who practices untouchability?There is an intense propaganda that untouchability is practiced by higher caste people over lower caste people. But that is no right. Untouchability is practiced by almost all castes, right from brahmin caste to the dalit caste. Even the dalit castes practice untouchability over others.One dalit caste leave alone not even drink water from another dalit caste.Does Untouchability mean segregation?Segregation in western sense, means, classification and isolating a certain groups of people, for varied reasons. Segregation is mostly associated with authority based society like the western one. Normally, the criminals, rebels, and other anti-social elements only are segregated from the mainstream society, and deported to far off lands or put in jail. This is what happened in the western societies.In general, segregationmeans, disengagement of different groups of people from one another, and no relationship exists among these groups. For example, in Europe, the protestants and the catholics are segregated, and there is no healthy relationsh ip b/w them, except for that both(prenominal) worship jesus. Similarly, shias and sunnis are segregated people, without any interdependence. But, untouchability does not mean segregating. Because, untouchability was mutually practiced by all groups.In caste system, even though people practiced untouchability, the different castes are interdependent on one another, thus always having some kind of interaction and relationship.Does Untouchability mean isolation?Definitely not,there may be segregation of houses of castes in some villages. But there is never isolation in any villages. Almost all castes interact with each other, because, all castes depend on one another for some needs. The level of interaction differs from caste to caste. For example, the dalits will strictly not mingle with other dalit caste, eg. Sakkiliars will never drink water from parayars. But, they will get food and water from the dominant caste of that region. Similarly, the dominant castes like chettiyars, devar s, nayakkars, etc may have interactions on equal footing. But still, they do not mingle with one another.There are few communities, who have to closely interact with one another. Particularly in kongu region, the naavithars, vannan community, kosavar community, etc have close interaction with the dominant gounder community. The naavithars (barbers) usually conduct most of the rituals, right from birth to death in the gounders family. It is they who used to sing mangazha vaazhthu during gounders marriage.Why does a caste practice untouchability?There is no definite answer to this, as the reason may vary from place to place. But based on my understanding, untouchability is practices because of extreme cultural contradictions. Let me list out the possible reasons for untouchability, as i perceive.Life expressive style We all know India is a land of cultural diversity, and that the life style of one community largely differs from others. For eg, a brahmin community follows strict hygie ne, and are strict vegetarians. On the other hand, the farmers and farm laborer castes usually work in fields do not have hygienic life practices. The dalit community works on cow skins, which is a sin to brahmin community. So its natural that the brahmins could not mingle with other castes.Commune Living Most of the castes live a strong commune life, with a common profession. So, the life styles of all the community members are aligned towards that lifestyle. And there are strong inter dependencies among the community member. In such commune living, people used to live as large families, with common interest. In such cases, when a member of the family or community, elopes with the other community girl or boy, it creates a confusion in the large family. The incoming girl/boy may not adapt to the family life style, and may not adapt to the community profession. For example, a brahmin girl will not be able to work in fields if she marries a farmer. Or a farming girl may not be able to work in leather products if she marries a dalit. So, the society has evolved itself to an inbuilt arrangement, not to mingle with each other.Prisoners of war On those days (before Muslim invasion), when a king was defeated in a war, he captures the prisoners of war, and deports to his kingdom to work as laborers or current empire may be ruled by the resistance for few years, and recaptured by the original king. In such case, the people settled there by the former temporary ruler, may lose their status, and become laborers. In such cases, the victorious king may take steps to suppress the settled external people, so that they dont again attempt to overthrow him.Religious Differences I need not mention about Hindu Muslim differences. That is entirely a different subject. However, there are many sub sects within Hinduism, which had impertinent each other. Particularly the influence of Buddhism had profound impact on suppressing those people who work on leather products, as Buddhist believed in ahimsa. The vegetarian character of India is believed to have acquired during Buddhist rule. Also, since anyone who left the caste is usually abandoned by the community, those who had converted to Buddhism might have been left out after Buddhism waned way. Today, for many of the dalit people, their kula deivam is Vishnu.Cultural Differences by from life style, the cultural values of the castes also an important reason for untouchability. For example, the ruling castes had stricter cultural values, which they have followed for generations. For example, widow remarriage is not allowed in dominant castes. But its shape in dalit castes. The widow in dominant caste often follows sati, whereas it is not required in the dalit castes.Lineages The common culture and profession resulted in a common lineage over centuries, which evolved the respective castes in to distinctive identities, which had made them not to mingle with others.Exceptions from UntouchabilityThe saints and ri shis are mostly exempted from untouchability. It means, almost all communities welcomed rishis and saints, and the saints also embraced all communities. Also, the saints are placed outside the caste system, as they have raised one level above in their life, towards the god. Most of the kings never practiced untouchability, and they were mostly secular. Moreover, they did not have the situation or the time to do that. Good and Bad in this world are highly relative term rather than a universally defined one.In the society of barbarians, murderers and rapists, a thief could be the best person among others. However, in a society of saints and nobles, the same thief would be the worst person. Thus when we are judging anything as good/bad, we need to consider the environment and prevailing situation.There was heavy propaganda of dalit oppression and suppression by the Marxists, for around a century here. But even assuming their propaganda to be true, lets see how the dalit people were tre ated here. The dalits lived in a separate colony in the same village. The dalits are not slaves. They were mere laborers to the land owners. They have the right to move to other village, if they feel, the current village is discriminatory or not able to live in. A typical dalit community is allowed to have their own commune life, simply because, untouchability prevented the dominant caste from abusing or exploiting them. The dalits had their own temple, their own festivals.The dalits had similar type of caste structure, with gothrams and kula deivams. A dalit married from a different gothram of his caste from another village. These ensured that the dalit people also had relations among multiple villages and have their own social structure to follow with. Since the dalit people were allowed to live as a community, their women had the inherent protection from exploitation. In the case of American slave system each African women is an individual(a) slave, which the owner can do whatev er he want. Other slaves cannot come to rescue if the owner rapes the slave women. However, in our caste system, the women were part of the dalit community, and they could not be exploited. Also, since the dominant caste practiced untouchability over the dalits, their youths refrained from mingling with dalit girls as such an act would excommunication from his caste. It is same for the dalit people too.The dalit people had their own panchayat for bother resolution. This is the highest point of freedom that any community might have. The elders in the dalit caste usually try to solve the problem. If that fails, they take the case to the village panchayat head.To refer a recent history of India, the entire Kashmir valley had been ethnically cleansed of Hindus, just because the Muslims could not tolerate the presence of Hindus. So when they became majority they persecuted the Hindus. However, it has to be noted that the Hindus, even though invaded by Muslims were able to tolerate them for thousands of years, by simply practicing untouchability. There are many other instances in the history where I find that untouchability would have prevented genocides, persecution and other horrors of the history. Comparing those incidents with our caste system, we find that untouchability is a practical system evolved as a solution to peaceful existence of conflicting communities.We all know that the urban people are classified as higher class, heart and soul class and lower class. But its a fact that these class peoples mostly lived insulate from others. For example, the higher class people live in posh areas, with neat roads, electricity water facility and spacious homes, public parks etc. The middle class usually lives in comfortable homes, but in congested areas. The lower class people often were the slum habitants who live in insanitary and horrific conditions.Let me ask the following questionsHow many upper class people live along with slum dwellers? Suppose a slum d weller roams in front of a posh bungalow, what will the security of the bungalow will do? We often find that the spicy people drive international the slum people through their securities. How many of the higher class people allow their children to play with middle class people? How many of the middle class people allow their children to play with the slum boys girls?In villages, even though castes follow untouchability, each caste knows the members of the other caste. When the dalit caste had any needs, they always approach the dominant caste. The dominant caste provides food to the dalit people, when they come to the home. The dalit women often share their problems with the dominant caste women and seek solution. Thus there is a mutually sustenance life in villages, inspire of untouchability. Let me ask, how many people in rich posh areas, know the people of the nearby slum. Or how many rich people help the slum people in needy times? Lets take the case of gang wars in colleges . Students belonging to one group usage interact with the other. Its the norm in many colleges. Its natural because, when there are differences, people chose to live away.

The impact of conflict on Somali women

The impact of conflict on Somalian womenSomalia was formed by the union of Italian Somalia and the British Somaliland protectorate, subsequently gained independence in 1960. The main legacy of colonial rule was a profoundized system of rules of government which the military, under General Mohammed Siyad Barre, seized in 1969, after nine years of democratic elections and amid accusations of corruption. Barre adopted an anti-tribalism policy of scientific socialism advocating popular participation through local councils and proceedinger committees.. It has been now without a central government after its last president Despot Mohamed S. Barre f conduct the verdant in 1991. Following, the fleck among warring groups and clan leaders resulted in the killing, raping, and displacement of the Somali association in whole especially in Mogadishu and Baidoa that led hunger of thousands of persons, which made later on an Intervention led by the United Nations intermissionkeeper. referabl e to, without central administration system for the last 4 decades, and still the country is under different factional leader, thought there is a so called Somali federal official government, but it controls less than 30 percent of the capital of the country and at the sometime, according to UNICEF Reports of 2010 indicates that the half of the population of estimated 3.6 Million people lives in a solid ground of benevolentitarian emergency and over 1.5 million is burdened by military unit and instability, extreme poverty, food insecurity due to drought and high prevalence of baby bird protection violations, especially recruitment and use of children and youth in armed conflict as well as opposite(a) form of sexual violence .Surprisingly the regions which called themselves by a state that succeeded from the rest of Somalia, like the Somaliland, have achieved a lot in aspects including political, security and economical training.Somaliland has achieved many things that ar in cluding the upstart free and fair election which was historically and that same in took place in 2003, April 14. With the emphasise on Security council calculate that states the presidential election- took place in Somaliland on 14 April 2003. That the three candidates representing three political parties were Somalilands incumbent -president, Dahir Riyale Kahin of the allied peoples democratic party (UDUB) Ahmed Muhammed silanyo, a veteran politician of the solidarity party (Kulmiye) and Faysal Ali Warabe, a cultured engineer from the diaspora, of the justice and welf ar party (UCID). On the 19th April the national electoral commission announced that incumbent president Dahir Riyale had won the election by a margin og 80 votes out of almost 500,000 cast. and the recently election took in 26th June 2010 peacefully according the piece issued by IRI-International Republican take Somaliland citizens remain committed to developing democratic institutions and carving out a peaceful, self-sufficient nation in the Horn of Africa. For Somalilanders, the upcoming presidential electionis a crucial step in their nations democratic development.. However with this discussion the authorship leave behind look deeply in the case Somalia conflict and will it minute toward the women regardless which situation they argon the pre and post conflicts.The Conflict, Political and Security Impact on Somali womenThis paper will focus the political history of Somali conflict, and this was very clear that the fighting had begun in the late 80s was mainly limited to the north. Where then the civil war spreads toward the south and middle regions including the capital of Mogadishu until the fighting engulfed the whole country. Resulted the overthrown of Barres regime in January 1991.Somali was under military regime that has been leading the country from 1969 to 1991, creates a platform of balanced gender in Somalia, and cast of international conventions were adopted relating to the rights Somali women including the convention of the elimination of all forums to discrimination against women, but nvirtuoso has been signed or ratified.Somali women were enjoying at that time their roles as a citizen. Barres administration issue law that made both gender to be the same under the law, and give the women same right and opportunity as men do and that led women to became and hold such as the highest ranks in the administration, their ranks were varies from profession to profession such as colonels, pilots, ambassadors and as well as judges.This paper will argue that gender was equal under the Somali law thought there was a cultural and religion misconceptions within the Somali nightclub that were in place. The emergencies situation discourses in Somalia due to the civil war and famine have created less struggles toward in the long and short-term on human development and the empowerment of women. The prolonged civil war, food insecurity and the Islamic secularism thre at have turned into the women more vulnerable to political and economic insecurities than men.According to the June 2003 report of the Secretary General to the Security Council, which states that about 400,000 Somalis argon refugees are in the neighboring countries while up to 370,000, are internally displaced have no staple fiber human life support such as water, health and school facilities. Women and children are made the majority of the internally displaced persons living in camps within the country and as well the neighboring countries.While this paper argues that women became more stronger than they were, and the reason is that the life without the basic human support are entire critical to the human life to lives and the females faces daily such horrible man-made disaster and that they undergo daily consequential conundrum, which made them to be very strong and endurable to condition.Somali women become more productive as their husbands, brother and sons joins the warring militias and being absent in their supporting, and with this reality women have gained greater responsibility in the micro economy in the country. Of course the larger businesses are controlled and run by men, but Recognition by women of the necessity of petty trading has also led to some co-operation, including that between women from different clans which will be important in future periods of peace and reconciliation. Women have pooled their resources and strengths, increasing the potential of their livelihood strategies. Women with some reproduction assist illiterate women and groups have established small co-operatives. In many cases women are forced to hire men, often relatives, to protect their stores, sleep in shops and warehouses, activities which are socially precluded for women (Bennett et al 1995).Human rights violation and the violence against womenThe challenge of civil war can be summarized as follows. Civil war imposes high cost on the warring people, especially the poor countries, and will impose even higher costs on future generation. It effects on education, health and floor of the country, but it is wisely agreed that civil war causes not only destruction and wiping out of a complete generation, but also the impact on the sustainability on human and economy development. The wars are key that creates the human right abuses, violence against human and deeply effected on women and children, and it is therefore, widely known that militias and other gunmen in Somalia rapes women and girls of opposing clans and other vulnerable groups, particularly the internally displaced people such as the minority group of Bantu, Midgan, Tumal, Yibir, Bravanese and also wealthier Benadiri communities and according to a report issued on Wednesday 24 November 2010 minorities such as the Bantu and Gaboi suffer even more than the general population in war-torn Somalia, and this recently published intelligence service report reveals that, these groups suffer abu ses including summary executions, beheadings and rape. This because they are not protected by the traditional powerful clan structure, quoted from the minority right group international. The Mark Lattimer, the groups executive director, point out that the worst is definitely in south central Somalia, where much of the territory is more controlled by al shebaab, by Islamist militia, there are acute human rights abuses, including a great problem of the curtailment of religious freedom. Many traditional Somali Muslim religious practices are being stamp down by al shebaab. Who follow a very exclusionary ideology He adds that his group has noted widespread rape as well as executions, torture, spirited displacement and expropriation of land., and this is why the conflict has led decreased mobility for Somali women due to the threat and fear of rape .So that human rights abuses in Somalia are unaccounted for and those who take over the prices are the minority clans especially those who do not have support with strong clan or military strength.Women who have been raped suffer health issue related during their forced sexual assault. The stigmatization causes that the women cannot contacted or consulted with doctors after they have been raped, unless they have other serious injuries and this is a difficult to conceal by the doctor whether they have raped or not. Regarding to the Human right watch reports in 1994 that Somali women who have raped face not only the physiological and psychological trauma of rape but also the likelihood of rejection by their families. The strong cultural stigma is attached to rape in Somalia. In many cases, families have begged UNHCR officials to take their daughter to another camp after she has been raped because of the stigma on the family. Somalia Gender relation in pre-conflict Somalia was distinguished of culture in which men are the most powerful social system and that creates the gap between the genders in the terms of economy an d political involvement.Economic, security and rightsThis paper will examine, that the Somali people has the highest illiteracy rate, and it is estimated that eighty percent are illiterate where 17 percent of Somali children go to school and one in four men and 13 percent of Somali women are literate in todays Somalia. A total of 81 percent can neither read nor lay aside (afrol news). And this indicates that Almost near now three generation of children has lost their education since the infrastructure collapsed in 1991.The causative of the gender inequality in the educational system has vividly increased, where twice as many boys compared to girls entering primary school due to cash impoverished families choose to invest in sons over their daughters.The other important issue that Somali community cannot survive economically is the narcotic chewing leave called Qaat. The Qaat has destroyed the relationship between the families and it creates that men usually pack this drug that the y diverted the funds towards that addicted consumption.Women and peace buildingThis paper examines the role and the participation of the Somali women and their traditional role. Traditionally in Somalia, women cannot stand for clans and are not even respected as a clan member that limits their involvement in the Somali political arena. On the other yield, this neutrality has inclined women greater opportunities to engage in cross clan coalition building. For example, at Arta Peace conference, women from different clan came together to form the sixth clan so women could participate formally in the peace negotiation. Hence the Somali people are oral societies, both men and women, are highly regarded as orators. Womens viewpoints are heard within the range of family and valued, even though, not frequently in community and public conferences. Women also lend a hand to the attempts for the peace reconciliation, by shaping the formal the ongoing peace and dialog processes, for example, marched up and down between the groups demonstrating and singing buraanbur or womens poems. Because, they are commonly have no problem and being envoy between the clans in the war. Somali women born naturally into one disputing clan and married into the other often deem loyalty for both clans and work firmly to lower tensions between them and at the same time women are dual connected morally with one tribe she is married and the one she born for, and this opportunity gives them to be free to move in the hostile areas.and their involvement in Somaliland reconciliation women did everything we could stop the bloodletting that dragged on for a considerable time. at the same time women were the wind behind the peace conference from A-Z in term of mobilizing the elders, in preparing the venue, the food, and in encouraging the participants to keep until the final peace accord was reached. So that they have all the credit in making peace possible (Dr Adan Yusuf Abokor, personal communicat ion) beside, between the peace and hostilities participation, Somali women may work out the disputes at the family stage and ensuring good, decent and fair relationships between her daughters and their husbands. Somali women are very good at settling down family issue, when the situation sometimes reaches that the family to break out, giving the kids the priority and helping finding solution to the issue within the family. Culturally it is a womens role to provide for invitees to her household, foods, and other necessary that guest need for their accommodations, travel etc and it is very skilful performance that women help and contribute to the needy families more than men in Somali society.On the other hand the reconciliation conferences which took place in Somaliland during 1992, have remained male dominated activities in which women did not take a direct role. According to Farah (1993), northern Somali women enthusiastically support local forums but this support is confined to p roviding tradition domestic service. In the south, where the UN have facilitated high profile peace conferences, women have been present. However, womens presence doesnt needfully represent participation

Racism and Prejudice Essay -- Racial Relations, Carl N. Degler

Racism and prejudice against African Americans in the joined States can be found many years before the institution of thrall was legally defined in any state or federal law. Historical documents reveal that almost a half a century before slavery delineated by law, racism against colored people was apparent. Although some modern historians may argue that racism was a result of the clear-cut slavery codes, according to author Carl N. Degler, if one examines the early history of slavery in the English colonies and the answer of Englishmen toward black people, it becomes evident that the assumption slavery is responsible for the low social status of Negros is open to question (29).Slavery did not precede racism. Rather, legal slavery helped discrimination against African-Americans perpetuate and flourish from the 17th to the 19th century. In fact, racism and fear of the norm is a comm exclusively found behavior in history. For instance, Irishmen in the colonies were referred to as beyond the Pale or even slaves (30). The famous poet and playwright Shakespeare even referred to the African prince Othello as a thing (31). The Africans were of a different polish and considered an inferior race for these differences. They were destined to be slaves due to the prevalent prejudice such as being labeled savages in Africa. As early as 1620, Virginia and Maryland records rarely refer to slaves but mainly speak of Negroes (31). The label Negros is in no way a positive term. Discrimination was widespread in law codes throughout the world before the establishment of slavery as well. In Bermuda, the Assembly of Bermuda passed an act restraining the insolencies of the Negroes (32). Notice the word insolencies,... ...s well as the execration of blacks. White southerners, both rich and poor, looked down upon Africans as the inferior race. Both felt the cerebral status as higher beings, especially the poor, who would be the low of all classes in the southern hierarch y if slavery never existed. One backcountry farmer addressed his fellow southerners, asking, Howd you like to hev have a nigger steppin up to your darter daughter (182-183). Recorded commentary such as this demonstrated the common fear of the black-man.Slavery played a key role not only in the economy, but in society as well. Racist ideals along with the psychological effect of being above another class led to the abnegation of slavery by both the rich and poor alike. Works CitedDegler, Carl N. Neither Black Nor White Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States . New York, 1971 .

My Brilliant Career at Fuddruckers Restaurant :: Persoanl Narrative Essays

My Brilliant C atomic number 18er at Fuddruckers RestaurantBeing wawled a bitch on the job was becoming more and more an everyday occurrence. After all I did work with four or five guys I liked (males that are rather normal call other males they like the oddest things) and a most unladylike girl who hated me with a severe passion (females that are rather unrefined call people they hate the oddest things.) But today was slightly different. It marked the beginning to the downfall of my employment as Master Burger Flipper at Fuddruckers During the sp wind up I moved away from home. Since I needed money to live I found employment at the only place that would hire unskilled summer work Fuddruckers Restaurant. Fuddruckers looked like a fun place that I could leave behind at the end of the night and forget about at the end of the summer, as one normally does with summer jobs. But this was not to be. Fuddruckers permanently changed my outlook on several subjects, mainly k eeping my mouth shut. First, a comment of my co-workers. Ken was the main boss who generally ran the restaurant. Ken was one of those thirty-something guys that still thought he was a senior in high school. He also had the tendency to tell his employees ultra-ultra-sensitive information about his life. Example in grave detail he one day gave me a rundown of his marriages plain rather unfortunate sex life. This was naturally not something I relished being informed of, or -- to be exact -- cared about in any way. His intimate shortcomings were his own problem. My other boss was much the opposite his name was Mr. Metz and if youve ever seen the movie Ace Ventura When Nature Calls he looks exactly like the seemingly wickedness character Burton Quinn (the one with the raven on his shoulder). He was the owner of the restaurant and was rarely there. When he did make an appearance he neither talked nor showed an interest in many of the employees. But Mr. Metz and Ken did have two things in common. First they never said anything positive to their workers. I worked the entire summer trying my hardest to, as my mother would say, do the job right the first time.